36 |
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908–1973)
November 22,
1963
January
20, 1969 |
- 1959–75 – Vietnam War.
U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and
their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon
government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were
attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident,
President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S.
determination to support "freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia."
Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,
giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of
war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in
Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist
attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States
escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military
personnel by April 1969.
- 1962–75 – Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the
United States played an important role in military
support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.[RL30172]
- 1964 – Congo (Zaire). The United States sent four
transport planes to provide airlift for Congolese troops
during a rebellion and to transport Belgian paratroopers
to rescue foreigners.[RL30172]
- 1965 – Invasion of Dominican Republic. Operation
Power Pack. The United States intervened to
protect lives and property during a Dominican revolt and
sent 20,000 U.S. troops as fears grew that the
revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under
Communist control.[RL30172]
A popular rebellion breaks out, promising to reinstall
Juan Bosch as the country's elected leader. The
revolution is crushed when U.S. Marines land to uphold
the military regime by force. The CIA directs everything
behind the scenes.
- 1967 – Israel. The USS Liberty
incident, whereupon a United States Navy Technical
Research Ship was attacked June 8, 1967 by Israeli armed
forces, killing 34 and wounding more than 170 U.S. crew
members.
- 1967 – Congo (Zaire). The United States sent three
military transport aircraft with crews to provide the
Congo central government with logistical support during
a revolt.[RL30172]
- 1968 – Laos & Cambodia. U.S. starts secret bombing
campaign against targets along the Ho Chi Minh trail in the
sovereign nations of Cambodia and Laos.
The bombings last at least two years. (See Operation Commando
Hunt)
|
37 |
Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
January 20,
1969
August
9, 1974 |
- 1959–75 – Vietnam War.
U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam for a decade, and
their numbers had been increased as the military position of the Saigon
government became weaker. After citing what he falsely termed were
attacks on U.S. destroyers, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin incident,
President Johnson asked in August 1964 for a resolution expressing U.S.
determination to support "freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia."
Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,
giving President Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of
war by Congress, for the use of conventional military force in
Southeast Asia. Following this resolution, and following a communist
attack on a U.S. installation in central Vietnam, the United States
escalated its participation in the war to a peak of 543,000 military
personnel by April 1969.
- 1962–75 – Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the
United States played an important role in military
support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.[RL30172]
- 1970 – Cambodian Campaign.
U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out
Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North
Vietnamese attacked U.S. and South Vietnamese forces
in Vietnam. The object of this attack, which lasted
from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing
safe withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam
and to assist the program of Vietnamization.[RL30172]
- 1972 - North Vietnam - Christmas bombing Operation Linebacker
II (not mentioned in RL30172, but an operation
leading to peace negotiations). The operation was
conducted from 18–29 December 1972. It was a bombing
of the cities Hanoi and Haiphong by B-52 bombers.
- 1973 – Operation Nickel
Grass, a strategic
airliftoperation conducted
by the United States to deliver weapons and supplies
to Israel during the Yom Kippur War.
- 1974 – Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval
forces evacuated U.S. civilians during the Turkish invasion
of Cyprus.[RL30172]
|
38 |
Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
August 9,
1974
January
20, 1977 |
- 1962–75 – Laos. From October 1962 until 1975, the
United States played an important role in military
support of anti-Communist forces in Laos.[RL30172]
- 1975 – Evacuation from Vietnam. Operation Frequent
Wind. On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported
U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been
sent to assist in evacuation of refugees and US
nationals from Vietnam.[RL30172]
- 1975 – Evacuation from Cambodia. Operation Eagle
Pull. On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported that
he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with
the planned evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.[RL30172]
- 1975 – South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, President
Ford reported that a force of 70 evacuation
helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400
U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and
South Vietnamese from landing zones in and around the
U.S.
Embassy, Saigon and Tan Son
Nhut Airport.[RL30172]
- 1975 – Cambodia. Mayagüez
Incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford
reported he had ordered military forces to retake the
SS Mayagüez,
a merchant vessel which was seized from Cambodian
naval patrol boats in international waters and forced
to proceed to a nearby island.[RL30172]
- 1976 – Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1976, helicopters
from five U.S. naval vessels evacuated approximately
250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon during
fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland
convoy evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.[RL30172]
- 1976 – Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea
after two
American soldiers were killed by North Korean
soldiers in the demilitarized zone between North and
South Korea while cutting down a tree.[RL30172]
|
39 |
Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
January 20,
1977
January
20, 1981 |
- 1978 – Zaire (Congo). From May 19 through June 1978,
the United States utilized military transport aircraft
to provide logistical support to Belgian and French
rescue operations in Zaire.[RL30172]
- 1980 – Iran. Operation Eagle Claw.
On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of
six U.S. transport planes and eight helicopters in an
unsuccessful attempt to rescue the American hostages in Iran.
- 1980 - U.S. Army and Air Force units arrive in the
Sinai in September as part of "Operation Bright Star".
They are there to train with Egyptians armed forces as
part of the Camp David peace accords signed in 1979.
Elements of the 101st Airborne Division, ( 1st
Battalion, 502nd Infantry) and Air Force MAC (Military
Airlift Command) units are in theater for four months
and are the first U.S. military forces in the region
since World War II.
- 1981 – El Salvador. After a guerrilla offensive
against the government of El Salvador, additional U.S.
military advisers were sent to El Salvador, bringing the
total to approximately 55, to assist in training
government forces in counterinsurgency.[RL30172]
- 1981 – Libya. First Gulf of
Sidra Incident On August 19, 1981, U.S. planes
based on the carrier USS Nimitz shot down two
Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the
Libyan jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United
States periodically held freedom of navigation exercises
in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as territorial
waters but considered international waters by the United
States.[RL30172]
|
40 |
Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
January 20,
1981
January
20, 1989 |
- 1982 – Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan
reported the deployment of military personnel and
equipment to participate in the Multinational
Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation
had been authorized by the Multinational Force and
Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132.[RL30172]
- 1982 – Lebanon. Multinational
Force in Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, President
Reagan reported the dispatch of 800 Marines to serve
in the multinational force to assist in the withdrawal
of members of the Palestine Liberation force from
Beirut. The Marines left September 20, 1982.[RL30172]
- 1982–83 – Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President
Reagan reported the deployment of 1200 marines to
serve in a temporary multinational force to facilitate
the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On
September 29, 1983, Congress passed the Multinational
Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L. 98-119) authorizing
the continued participation for eighteen months.[RL30172]
- 1983 – Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in
Sudan on March 18, 1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed
for assistance, the United States dispatched an AWACS electronic
surveillance plane to Egypt.[RL30172]
- 1983 – Grenada. Operation
Urgent Fury. Citing the increased threat of
Soviet and Cuban influence and noting the development
of an international airport following a coup
d'état and alignment with the Soviets and Cuba,
the U.S. invades the island nation of Grenada.[RL30172]
- 1983–89 – Honduras. In July 1983, the United States
undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some
believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On
March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and
crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan
border to repel Nicaraguan troops.[RL30172]
- 1983 – Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan
reported the deployment of two AWACS electronic
surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and
ground logistical support forces to assist Chad
against Libyan and rebel forces.[RL30172]
- 1984 – Persian Gulf/Iran. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian
jet fighter planes, aided by intelligence from a U.S.
AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and fueled by a
U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter
planes over an area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as
a protected zone for shipping.[RL30172]
- 1985 – Italy. On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots
intercepted an Egyptian airliner and forced it to land
in Sicily. The airliner was carrying the hijackers of
the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had
killed an American citizen during the hijacking.[RL30172]
- 1986 – Libya. Action in
the Gulf of Sidra (1986) On March 26, 1986,
President Reagan reported on March 24 and 25, U.S.
forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation
exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been
attacked by Libyan missiles and the United States had
responded with missiles.[RL30172]
- 1986 – Libya. Operation El Dorado Canyon.
On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S.
air and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on
terrorist facilities and military installations in the
Libyan capitol of Tripoli, claiming that Libyan leader
Col. Muammar
al-Gaddafi was responsible for a bomb attack at
a German disco that killed two U.S. soldiers.[RL30172]
- 1986 – Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft
assisted Bolivia in anti-drug operations.[RL30172]
- 1987 – Persian Gulf. USS Stark
was struck on May 17 by two Exocet antiship missiles
fired from an Iraqi F-1 Mirage during the Iran-Iraq
War, killing 37 U.S. Navy sailors.
- 1987 – Persian Gulf. Operation Nimble
Archer. Attacks on two Iranian oil platforms in
the Persian Gulf by United States Navy forces on
October 19. The attack was a response to Iran's
October 16, 1987 attack on the MV Sea Isle City,
a reflagged Kuwaiti oil tanker at anchor off Kuwait,
with a Silkworm missile.
- 1987–88 – Persian Gulf. Operation Earnest
Will - After the Iran-Iraq
War (the Tanker War phase) resulted in several
military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United
States increased U.S. joint military forces operations
in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of reflagging
and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Persian
Gulf to protect them from Iraqi and Iranian attacks.
President Reagan reported that U.S. ships had been
fired upon or struck mines or taken other military
action on September 21 (Iran Ajr), October 8, and
October 19, 1987 and April 18 (Operation Praying
Mantis), July 3, and July 14, 1988. The United
States gradually reduced its forces after a cease-fire
between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.[RL30172]
It was the largest naval convoy operation since World
War II.[5]
- 1987–88 – Persian Gulf. Operation Prime
Chance was a United States Special Operations
Command operation intended to protect U.S.-flagged oil
tankers from Iranian attack during the Iran-Iraq War.
The operation took place roughly at the same time as
Operation Earnest Will.
- 1988 – Persian Gulf. Operation Praying
Mantis was the April 18, 1988 action waged by
U.S. naval forces in retaliation for the Iranian
mining of the Persian Gulf and the subsequent damage
to an American warship.
- 1988 – Honduras. Operation Golden
Pheasant was an emergency deployment of U.S.
troops to Honduras in 1988, as a result of threatening
actions by the forces of the (then socialist)
Nicaraguans.
- 1988 – USS Vincennes
shoot down of Iran Air Flight 655
- 1988 – Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a
period of instability in Panama and as the United
States increased pressure on Panamanian head of state
General Manuel Noriega to resign,
the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to
"further safeguard the canal, US lives, property and
interests in the area." The forces supplemented 10,000
U.S. military personnel already in the Panama Canal
Zone.[RL30172]
- 1989 – Libya. Second Gulf of
Sidra Incident On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy
F-14 aircraft based on the USS John F. Kennedy
shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the
Mediterranean Sea about 70 miles north of Libya. The
U.S. pilots said the Libyan planes had demonstrated
hostile intentions.[RL30172]
- 1989 – Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to
General Noriega's disregard of the results of the
Panamanian election, President Bush ordered a
brigade-sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to
augment the estimated 1,000 U.S. forces already in the
area.[RL30172]
- 1989 – Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru. Andean
Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989,
President Bush announced that military and law
enforcement assistance would be sent to help the
Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat
illicit drug producers and traffickers. By
mid-September there were 50–100 U.S. military advisers
in Colombia in connection with transport and training
in the use of military equipment, plus seven Special
Forces teams of 2–12 persons to train troops in the
three countries.[RL30172]
- 1989 – Philippines. Operation Classic Resolve. On
December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on
December 1, Air Force fighters from Clark Air Base in Luzon had assisted the Aquino
government to repel a coup attempt.
In addition, 100 marines were sent from U.S. Naval Base
Subic Bay to protect the United States Embassy in Manila.
|
41 |
George H. W. Bush
(b. 1924)
January
20, 1989
January
20, 1993
|
- 1983–89 – Honduras. In July 1983, the United States
undertook a series of exercises in Honduras that some
believed might lead to conflict with Nicaragua. On
March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and
crewmen ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan
border to repel Nicaraguan troops.[RL30172]
- 1989–90 – Panama. Operation
Just Cause. On December 21, 1989, President Bush
reported that he had ordered U.S. military forces to
Panama to protect the lives of American citizens and
bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13,
1990, all the invasion forces had been withdrawn.[RL30172]
Around 200 Panamanian civilians were reported killed.
The Panamanian head of state, General Manuel Noriega,
was captured and brought to the U.S.
- 1990 – Liberia: On August 6, 1990, President Bush
reported that a reinforced rifle company had been sent
to provide additional security to the U.S. Embassy in
Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated U.S.
citizens from Liberia.[RL30172]
- 1990 – Saudi Arabia: On August 9, 1990, President
Bush reported that he launched Operation Desert Shield by
ordering the forward deployment of substantial
elements of the U.S. armed forces into the Persian
Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia after the
August 2 invasion of Kuwait by
Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he reported the continued
buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive
military option.[RL30172]American
hostages being held in Iran.[RL30172]
Staging point for the troops was primarily Bagram air
field.
- 1991 – Iraq and Kuwait. Operation Desert Storm:
On January 16, 1991, in response to the refusal by
Iraq to leave Kuwait, U.S. and Coalition aircraft
attacked Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and
Kuwait in conjunction with a coalition of allies and
under United
Nations Security Council resolutions. In
February 24, 1991, U.S.-led United Nation (UN) forces
launched a ground
offensive that finally drove Iraqi forces out of
Kuwait within 100 hours. Combat operations ended on
February 28, 1991, when President Bush declared a
ceasefire.[RL30172]
- 1991–1996 – Iraq. Operation Provide
Comfort: Delivery of humanitarian relief and
military protection for Kurds fleeing their homes in
northern Iraq during the 1991
uprising, by a small Allied ground force based
in Turkey which began in April 1991.
- 1991 – Iraq: On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated
that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had
necessitated a limited introduction of U.S. forces
into northern Iraq for emergency relief purposes.[RL30172]
- 1991 – Zaire: On September 25–27, 1991, after
widespread looting and rioting broke out in Kinshasa, Air Force C-141s
transported 100 Belgian troops and equipment into
Kinshasa. American planes also carried 300 French
troops into the Central African
Republic and hauled evacuated American citizens.[RL30172]
- 1992 – Sierra Leone. Operation Silver
Anvil: Following the April 29 coup that
overthrew PresidentJoseph Saidu Momoh, a
United States
European Command (USEUCOM) Joint
Special Operations Task Force evacuated 438
people (including 42 Third Country nationals) on May
3. Two Air Mobility Command
(AMC) C-141s
flew 136 people from Freetown, Sierra Leone, to the
Rhein-Main Air Base
in Germany and nine C-130
sorties carried another 302 people to Dakar, Senegal.[RL30172]
- 1992–1996 – Bosnia and Herzegovina: Operation Provide
Promise was a humanitarian relief operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina during
the Yugoslav Wars, from July
2, 1992, to January 9, 1996, which made it the longest
running humanitarian airlift in history.[6]
- 1992 – Kuwait: On August 3, 1992, the United States
began a series of military exercises in Kuwait,
following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new border
drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to
cooperate with UN inspection teams.[RL30172]
- 1992–2003 – Iraq. Iraqi no-fly zones:
The U.S., United Kingdom, and its Gulf War allies
declared and enforced "no-fly zones" over the majority
of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights
in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and
conducting aerial reconnaissance and bombings. Often,
Iraqi forces continued throughout a decade by firing
on U.S. and British aircraft patrolling no-fly zones.(See
also Operation
Northern Watch, Operation
Southern Watch)[RL30172]
- 1992–1995 – Somalia. Operation Restore Hope. Somali Civil War: On
December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a
humanitarian crisis and a UN Security Council
Resolution in support for UNITAF. The operation
came to an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued
to participate in the successor United Nations
Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM II).(See
also Battle of
Mogadishu)[RL30172]
- 1993-1995 - Bosnia. Operation Deny Flight:
On April 12, 1993, in response to a United Nations
Security Council passage of Resolution 816, U.S. and NATO enforced the
no-fly zone over the Bosnian airspace, prohibited all
unauthorized flights and allowed to "take all
necessary measures to ensure compliance with [the
no-fly zone restrictions]."
- 1993 – Macedonia: On July 9, 1993, President Clinton
reported the deployment of 350 U.S. soldiers to the
Republic of Macedonia to participate in the UN
Protection Force to help maintain stability in the
area of former Yugoslavia.
|
42 |
Bill Clinton
(b. 1946)
January 20,
1993
January
20, 2001 |
-
1991–1996 – Iraq. Operation Provide
Comfort: Delivery of humanitarian relief and
military protection for Kurds fleeing their homes in
northern Iraq during the 1991
uprising, by a small Allied ground force based
in Turkey which began in April 1991.
-
-
1992–1995 – Somalia. Operation Restore
Hope. Somali Civil War: On
December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a
humanitarian crisis and a UN Security Council
Resolution in support for UNITAF. The operation
came to an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued
to participate in the successor United Nations
Operation in Somalia ( UNOSOM II). (See
also Battle of
Mogadishu)[RL30172]
-
1992–2003 – Iraq. Iraqi no-fly zones:
The U.S., United Kingdom, and its Gulf War allies
declared and enforced "no-fly zones" over the majority
of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights
in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and
conducting aerial reconnaissance and bombings. Often,
Iraqi forces continued throughout a decade by firing
on U.S. and British aircraft patrolling no-fly zones. (See
also Operation
Northern Watch, Operation
Southern Watch)[RL30172]
-
1992–1995 – Somalia. Operation Restore Hope. Somali Civil War: On
December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a
humanitarian crisis and a UN Security Council
Resolution in support for UNITAF. The operation
came to an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued
to participate in the successor United Nations
Operation in Somalia ( UNOSOM II). (See
also Battle of
Mogadishu)[RL30172]
-
1993-1995 - Bosnia. Operation Deny Flight:
On April 12, 1993, in response to a United Nations
Security Council passage of Resolution 816, U.S. and NATO enforced the
no-fly zone over the Bosnian airspace, prohibited all
unauthorized flights and allowed to "take all
necessary measures to ensure compliance with [the
no-fly zone restrictions]."
-
1993-1995 - Bosnia. Operation Deny Flight:
On April 12, 1993, in response to a United Nations
Security Council passage of Resolution 816, U.S. and NATO enforced the
no-fly zone over the Bosnian airspace, prohibited all
unauthorized flights and allowed to "take all
necessary measures to ensure compliance with [the
no-fly zone restrictions]."
-
1991–1996 – Iraq. Operation Provide
Comfort: Delivery of humanitarian relief and
military protection for Kurds fleeing their homes in
northern Iraq during the 1991
uprising, by a small Allied ground force based
in Turkey which began in April 1991.
-
-
1994–1995 – Haiti. Operation Uphold
Democracy: U.S. ships had begun embargo against
Haiti. Up to 20,000 U.S. military troops were later
deployed to Haiti to restore democratically-elected
Haiti President Jean-Bertrand
Aristide from a military regime which came into
power in 1991 after a major coup. [RL30172]
-
1994 – Macedonia: On April 19, 1994,
President Clinton reported that the U.S. contingent in
Macedonia had been increased by a reinforced company
of 200 personnel. [RL30172]
-
-
1996 – Liberia. Operation Assured Response: On
April 11, 1996, President Clinton reported that on
April 9, 1996 due to the "deterioration of the
security situation and the resulting threat to
American citizens" in Liberia he had ordered U.S.
military forces to evacuate from that country "private
U.S. citizens and certain third-country nationals who
had taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy compound...." [RL30172]
-
1996 – Central African Republic. Operation Quick Response: On
May 23, 1996, President Clinton reported the
deployment of U.S. military personnel to Bangui, Central African
Republic, to conduct the evacuation from that
country of "private U.S. citizens and certain U.S.
government employees", and to provide "enhanced
security for the American Embassy in Bangui." [RL30172]United States
Marine Corps elements of Joint Task Force
Assured Response, responding in nearby Liberia,
provided security to the embassy and evacuated 448
people, including between 190 and 208 Americans. The
last Marines left Bangui on June 22.
-
1996- Kuwait. Operation
Desert Strike: American Air Strikes in the north
to protect the Kurdish population against the Iraqi
Army attacks. U.S. deploys 5,000 soldiers from the 1ST
Cavalry Division at Ft Hood Texas in response to Iraqi
attacks on the Kurdish people. [citation needed]
-
1996 - Bosnia. Operation
Joint Guard: In December 21, 1996, U.S. and NATO
established the SFOR
peacekeepers to replace the IFOR in enforcing the
peace under the Dayton agreement.
-
1997 – Albania. Operation Silver Wake:
On March 13, 1997, U.S. military forces were used to
evacuate certain U.S. government employees and private
U.S. citizens from Tirana, Albania. [RL30172]
-
1997 – Congo and Gabon: On March 27,
1997, President Clinton reported on March 25, 1997, a
standby evacuation force of U.S. military personnel
had been deployed to Congo and Gabon to provide
enhanced security and to be available for any
necessary evacuation operation. [RL30172]
-
1997 – Sierra Leone: On May 29 and May
30, 1997, U.S. military personnel were deployed to
Freetown, Sierra Leone, to prepare for and undertake
the evacuation of certain U.S. government employees
and private U.S. citizens. [RL30172]
-
1997 – Cambodia: On July 11, 1997, In
an effort to ensure the security of American citizens
in Cambodia during a period of domestic conflict
there, a Task Force of about 550 U.S. military
personnel were deployed at Utapao Air Base
in Thailand for possible evacuations. [RL30172]
-
1998 – Iraq. Operation Desert Fox: U.S.
and British forces conduct a major four-day bombing
campaign from December 16–19, 1998 on Iraqi targets. [RL30172]
-
1998 – Guinea-Bissau. Operation
Shepherd Venture: On June 10, 1998, in response
to an army mutiny in Guinea-Bissau endangering the
U.S. Embassy, President Clinton deployed a standby
evacuation force of U.S. military personnel to Dakar,
Senegal, to evacuate from the city of Bissau. [RL30172]
-
-
1998 – Afghanistan and Sudan. Operation Infinite Reach:
On August 20, President Clinton ordered a cruise
missile attack against two suspected terrorist
training camps in Afghanistan and a suspected chemical
factory in Sudan. [RL30172]
-
1998 – Liberia: On September 27, 1998,
America deployed a stand-by response and evacuation
force of 30 U.S. military personnel to increase the
security force at the U.S. Embassy in Monrovia. [1][RL30172]
-
-
1999 – Serbia. Operation Allied Force: U.S.
and NATO aircraft began a major bombing of Serbia and Serb positions in
Kosovo in March 24, 1999, during the Kosovo War due to the refusal
by Serbian President Slobodan
Milosevic to end repression against ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo. This operation ended in June 10,
1999, when Milosevic agreed to pull out his troops out
of Kosovo. In response to the situation in Kosovo,
NATO dispatched the KFOR peacekeepers to secure
the peace under UNSC Resolution 1244.
-
2000 – Sierra Leone. On May 12, 2000 a
U.S. Navy patrol craft deployed to Sierra Leone to
support evacuation operations from that country if
needed. [RL30172]
-
2000 - Nigeria. Special Forces troops are sent to
Nigeria to lead a training mission in the county. [7]
-
2000 – Yemen. On October 12, 2000, after the USS Cole
attack in the port of Aden, Yemen, military personnel
were deployed to Aden. [RL30172]
-
2000 – East Timor. On February 25, 2000, a small
number of U.S. military personnel were deployed to
support the United Nations Transitional Administration
in East Timor (UNTAET). [RL30172]
-
2001 – On April 1, 2001, a mid-air collision between
a United States Navy EP-3E ARIES II signals
surveillance aircraft and a People's Liberation Army
Navy (PLAN) J-8II interceptor fighter jet resulted in
an international dispute between the United States and
the People's Republic of China called the Hainan Island
incident.
-
|
43 |
George W. Bush
(b. 1946)
January 20,
2001
January
20, 2009 |
- 1992–2003 – Iraq. Iraqi no-fly zones:
The U.S., United Kingdom, and its Gulf War allies
declared and enforced "no-fly zones" over the majority
of sovereign Iraqi airspace, prohibiting Iraqi flights
in zones in southern Iraq and northern Iraq, and
conducting aerial reconnaissance and bombings. Often,
Iraqi forces continued throughout a decade by firing
on U.S. and British aircraft patrolling no-fly zones.(See
also Operation
Northern Watch, Operation
Southern Watch)[RL30172]
- 2002 – Yemen. On November 3, 2002, an American MQ-1
Predator fired a Hellfire missile at a car in Yemen
killing Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi, an al-Qaeda leader
thought to be responsible for the USS Cole
bombing.[RL30172]
- 2002 – Philippines. OEF-Philippines. January 2002 U.S.
"combat-equipped and combat support forces" have been
deployed to the Philippines to train with, assist and
advise the Philippines' Armed Forces in enhancing their
"counterterrorist capabilities."[RL30172]
- 2002 – Côte d'Ivoire. On September 25, 2002, in
response to a rebellion in Côte d'Ivoire, U.S.
military personnel went into Côte d'Ivoire to
assist in the evacuation of American citizens from
Bouake.[8]
- 2003–2011 – War in Iraq. Operation Iraqi Freedom.
March 20, 2003. The United States leads a coalition that
includes Britain, Australia and Spain to invade Iraq
with the stated goal being "to disarm Iraq in pursuit of
peace, stability, and security both in the Gulf region
and in the United States."[RL30172]
- 2003 – Liberia. Second Liberian Civil War. On June 9,
2003, President Bush reported that on June 8 he had sent
about 35 U.S. Marines into Monrovia, Liberia, to help
secure the U.S. Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania, and
to aid in any necessary evacuation from either Liberia
or Mauritania.[RL30172]
- 2003 – Georgia and Djibouti. "US combat equipped and
support forces" had been deployed to Georgia and
Djibouti to help in enhancing their "counterterrorist
capabilities."[9]
- 2004 – Haiti. 2004 Haïti rebellion occurs. The US
first sent 55 combat equipped military personnel to
augment the U.S. Embassy security forces there and to
protect American citizens and property in light. Later
200 additional US combat-equipped, military personnel
were sent to prepare the way for a UN Multinational
Interim Force, MINUSTAH.[RL30172]
- 2004 – War on Terrorism: U.S. anti-terror related
activities were underway in Georgia, Djibouti, Kenya,
Ethiopia, Yemen, and Eritrea.[10]
- 2004–present: Drone attacks in Pakistan
- 2005–06 – Pakistan. President Bush deploys troops from
US Army Air Cav Brigades to provide Humanitarian relief
to far remote villages in the Kashmir mountain ranges of
Pakistan stricken by a massive earthquake.
- 2006 – Lebanon. U.S. Marine Detachment, the 24th
Marine Expeditionary Unit[citation needed], begins
evacuation of U.S. citizens willing to leave the country
in the face of a likely ground invasion by Israel and
continued fighting between Hezbollah and the Israeli
military.[11][12]
- 2007 – Somalia. Battle of Ras Kamboni. On January 8,
2007, while the conflict between the Islamic Courts
Union and the Transitional Federal Government continues,
an AC-130 gunship conducts an aerial strike on a
suspected al-Qaeda operative, along with other Islamist
fighters, on Badmadow Island near Ras Kamboni in
southern Somalia.[13]
- 2008 – South Ossetia, Georgia. Helped Georgia
humanitarian aid,[14] helped to transport Georgian
forces from Iraq during the conflict. In the past, the
US has provided training and weapons to Georgia.
|
44 |
Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
January 20,
2009-
(incumbent)
|
- 2010-11 War in Iraq. Operation New Dawn. On February
17, 2010, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates
announced that as of September 1, 2010, the name
"Operation Iraqi Freedom" would be replaced by
"Operation New Dawn". This coincides with the reduction
of American troops to 50,000.
- 2011 - Libya. Operation Odyssey Dawn.
Coalition forces enforcing U.N. Security Council
Resolution 1973 with bombings of Libyan forces.
- 2011 - War on
Terrorism. Osama Bin Laden is killed by U.S.
military forces in Pakistan as part of Operation
Neptune Spear.
- 2011 - Drone strikes on al-Shabab militants begin in
Somalia.[15]
This marks the 6th nation in which such strikes have
been carried out, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq,
Yemen and Libya.[citation needed]
- 2011 - Uganda. US Combat troops sent in as advisers to
Uganda.[16]
- 2012 - Jordan. 150 US troops deployed to Jordan to
help it contain the Syrian
Civil War within Syria's borders.
- 2012 - Turkey. 400 troops and two batteries of Patriot
missiles sent to Turkey to prevent any missile
strikes from Syria.
- 2012 - Chad. 50 U.S. troops have deployed to the
African country of Chad
to help evacuate U.S. citizens and embassy personnel
from the neighboring Central African
Republic's capital of Bangui in the face of rebel advances toward the city.
- 2013 - Mali. US forces assisted the French in Operation Serval with air
refueling and transport aircraft.
- 2013 - Somalia. US Air Force planes supported the
French in the Bulo Marer
hostage rescue attempt. However, they did not use
any weapons.
- 2013 - North
Korea crisis
|
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