| velars | palatals | retroflexes | dentals | labials | | Dev. IAST | क k K | च c C | ट ṭ Ṭ | त t T | प p P | unvoiced stops | ITRANS | k | ch | T | t | p | Dev. IAST | ख kh Kh | छ ch Ch | ठ ṭh Ṭh | थ th Th | फ ph Ph | aspirated unvoiced stops | ITRANS | kh | Ch | Th | th | ph | Dev. IAST | ग g G | ज j J | ड ḍ Ḍ | द d D | ब b B | voiced stops | ITRANS | g | j | D | d | b | Dev. IAST | घ gh Gh | झ jh Jh | ढ ḍh Ḍh | ध dh Dh | भ bh Bh | aspirated voiced stops | ITRANS | gh | jh | Dh | dh | bh | Dev. IAST | ङ ṅ Ṅ | ञ ñ Ñ | ण ṇ Ṇ | न n N | म m M | nasal | ITRANS | ~N | ~n | N | n | m | Dev. IAST | | य y Y | र r R | ल l L | व v V | semi-vowels | ITRANS | | y | r | l | v or w | Dev. IAST | | श ś Ś | ष ṣ Ṣ | स s S | | sibilants | ITRANS | | sh | Sh | s | | Dev. IAST | ह h H | | | | | voiced fricative | ITRANS | h | | | | | Note: Unlike ASCII-only romanizations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalization of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially (Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ) are only useful in Pāṇini contexts, where the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters (see Aṣṭādhyāyī). | Irregular Consonant Clusters Devanāgarī | IAST | ITRANS | क्ष | kṣ | kS / kSh / x | त्र | tr | tr | ज्ञ | jñ | GY / j~n | श्र | śr | shr | Other Consonants Devanāgarī | IAST | ITRANS | क़ | q | q | ख़ | k͟h | Kh | ग़ | ġ | G | ज़ | z | z | फ़ | f | f | ड़ | ṛ | .D / R | ढ़ | ṛh | .Dh / Rh | |
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